Abstract: Inokurukura mashandiro evanoshanda pamagetsi, sekunyorovesa, kuparadzira, kusimbisa, kusanganisa, kupupa furo, kusvibisa, kuwacha uye kubvisa maronda, nezvimwewo, kuunza iwo maratidziro evanoshanda, uye kuunza akati wandei anowanzo shandiswa epasi zviitiko Agent. Uye basa muzvizoro, sipo, mushonga, chikafu. Iko kusimudzira kwemaitiro evashambadziri kunotsanangurwa.

1. Kupatsanura kwema surfactants

Kune nzira dzakawanda dzekutsanangudza vanoshanda pamafashini, ayo akaiswa muzvinzvimbo maererano nesosi yeavo vanoshanda pamafashama. Masurfactants anowanzo kuve akapatsanurwa muzvikamu zvitatu: synthetic surfactants, natural surfactants uye biological surfactants.

Masurfactants anogona kukamurwa muzvikamu zvina: anionic, cationic, zwitterionic uye nonionic zvinoenderana nerudzi rweion inogadzirwa neboka rehydrophilic. Anowanzo shandiswa ma surfactants, ane hydrophobic base iboka rehydrocarbon, inogona zvakare kunge iine zvinhu zvakaita se oxygen, nitrogen, sarufa, chlorine, bromine, uye iodine mumorekuru, uye anonzi mahydrocarbon vanofambisa kana vanowanzo shanda. Masurfactants ane fluorine, silicon, phosphorus uye boron vanonzi vanokosha vanoshanda. Kuunzwa kwe fluorine, silicon, phosphorus, boron uye zvimwe zvinhu zvinopa vanoshanda munzvimbo dzakasarudzika uye kugona kuita. Fluorine-ine ma-surfactants ndeimwe yemhando dzakasarudzika dzeaspecial surfactants.

2. Basa guru revashambadziri

(1) Emulsification: Nekuda kwekukwirana kwepamusoro kwemafuta ari mumvura, kana mafuta akadonhedzwa mumvura, fambisa zvine simba, mafuta acho anopwanywa kuita marozari akanaka uye akasanganiswa muemulsion, asi iyo inomutsa inomira uye akaturikidzana. Kana iwe ukawedzera anoshanda nesimba uye unomhanyisa zvine simba, hazvizove nyore kupatsanura kwenguva yakareba mushure mekumira, kunova emulsification. Icho chikonzero ndechekuti iyo hydrophobicity yemafuta yakakomberedzwa neboka rehydrophilic remushandi anoshanda, ichigadzira chinongedzo chinotungamira, ichideredza basa rinodiwa pakupararira kwemafuta mumvura, uye kuita kuti mafuta asimbe kwazvo. Ku

(2) Kuisa mvura: Iko kunowanzo kuve neta yekisi, girizi kana chinhu chine mitsara chakanamatira pamusoro pechikamu, chinova hydrophobic. Nekuda kwekusvibiswa kwezvinhu izvi, pamusoro pezvikamu hazvisi nyore kunyoroveswa nemvura. Kana vanoshanda nema surf vakawedzerwa kune aqueous solution, madonhwe emvura pazvikamu anoparadzirwa zviri nyore, izvo zvinoderedza zvakanyanya kumeso kwepamusoro kwezvikamu uye kunozadzisa chinangwa chekunyorova. Ku

(3) Solubilization: zvinhu zvine mafuta zvinogona "kunyungudika" mushure mekuwedzera vanoshanda, asi kuparara uku kunogona kungoitika chete kana kusangana kweanoshanda achisvika pakukoshesesa kwecolloid. Iyo solubility inoenderana nechinhu solubilization uye zvinoenderana nemasikirwo. Panyaya yekunyungudika, iyo refu hydrophobic geni hydrocarbon cheni ine simba kupfuura ipfupi hydrocarbon cheni, iyo yakazara hydrocarbon cheni ine simba kupfuura isaturated hydrocarbon cheni, uye iyo solubilization mhedzisiro yeaionionic surfactants kazhinji inonyanya kukosha. Ku

(4) Kupararira mhedzisiro: solid particles senge guruva uye tsvina zvidimbu zviri nyore kuunganidzwa pamwechete, uye zviri nyore kugadzika mumvura. Mamorekuru evashambadziri anokwanisa kupatsanura zvikamu zvakapatsanuka kuita zvikamu zvakanaka, izvo zvakapararira uye zvakamiswa mumhinduro. Ita basa mukusimudzira yunifomu yakapararira yezvakasimba zvikamu. (5) Foam mhedzisiro: Kuumbwa kwefuro kunonyanya kuve kwekushambadzira kweanoshanda mumiriri, iyo inokonzereswa nekuderera kwekutarisana kwepasirese pakati pegasi uye zvikamu zvemvura. Kazhinji, yakaderera-mamorekuru-kurema anoshanda mumiririri ari nyore kupupa furo, akakwira-mamorekuru-kurema anoshanda maajenzi ane mashoma furo, myristic acid yero ine yakanyanya kupupuma furo zvinhu, uye sodium stearate ine yakashata inopupuma fuma. Anionic anoshanda ejenti ane zvirinani kupupa fuma uye kugadzikana kwekupupa kupfuura asiri ma-ionic. Semuenzaniso, sodium alkylbenzene sulfonate ine yakasimba furo zvivakwa. Inowanzo shandiswa furo zvigadzikiso inosanganisira mafuta ane doro amides, carboxymethyl cellulose, nezvimwewo, uye foam inhibitors anosanganisira fatty acids, fatty acid esters, polyethers, nezvimwe uye mamwe maonionic surfactants.

3 Kushanda kweSurfactant

Iko kushandiswa kwevanoshanda muma surfactants kunogona kukamurwa kuve vehurumende uye vemaindasitiri mafomu. Zvinoenderana nedatha, zvikamu zviviri kubva muzvitatu zvevashandi vezvematongerwo enyika vanoshandiswa muzvigadzirwa zvemunhu; synthetic detergents ndeimwe yemisika mikuru yevatengi vevanoshanda pamagetsi. Zvigadzirwa zvinosanganisira poda yekuwachisa, mvura yekushambidza, yekuwachisa ndiro uye zvimwe zvigadzirwa zvemumba. Kuchenesa zvigadzirwa uye zvemukati zvekuchengetedza zvigadzirwa senge: shampoo, conditioner, bvudzi kirimu, bvudzi gel, mafuta ekuzora, toner, yekuchenesa kumeso, nezvimwe maindasitiri anoshanda anoverengera evashambadziri anoshandiswa munzvimbo dzakasiyana dzeindasitiri kunze kwevashandi vehurumende. Minda yaro yekushandisa inosanganisira yeindasitiri yemachira, indasitiri yesimbi, pendi, pendi, pigment indasitiri, indasitiri yepurasitiki, indasitiri yezvikafu, indasitiri yemapepa, Yeganda indasitiri, peturu yekutsvaga, indasitiri yezvivakwa, indasitiri yezvicherwa, indasitiri yesimba, nezvimwe zvinhu zvakatsanangurwa pazasi. .

3.1.1 Anoshanda muzvizoro

Masurfactants anoshandiswa zvakanyanya muzvizoro zvakasiyana-siyana semaemulsifiers, mapeneti, sipo, zvinyoro nyoro, zvinomesa mvura, mabhakitiriya, zvinoparadzira, zvinogadzirisa zvinhu, antistatic vamiririri, dhayi rebvudzi, nezvimwewo. Asinga-ionic maactactant anonyanya kushandiswa muzvizoro nekuti haatsamwise uye ari inowirirana zviri nyore nezvimwe zvinhu. Kazhinji, iwo ane acid acid esters uye polyether.

3.1.2 Zvinodikanwa zvemakemikari kune vanoshanda pamagetsi

Iko kuumbwa kweye cosmetic mafomu akasiyana uye akaomarara. Kunze kwemafuta uye nemvura mbishi zvinhu, kune mamwe mabasa anoshanda anoshanda, zvinodzivirira, zvinwiwa uye pigments, nezvimwe, izvo zviri zveyakawanda-chikamu chikamu chekupararira. Iine akawanda uye akawanda ekushambadza mafomati uye zvinoshanda zvinoshanda, akasiyana ma surfactants anoshandiswa muzvizoro ari kuwedzerawo. Masurfactants anoshandiswa mumafuta ekuzora haafanire kuve nekutsamwa kweganda, asina mitezo ine chepfu, uye zvakare inosangana nezvinodiwa zvekushaya ruvara, hapana hwema husingafadzi uye kugadzikana kwepamusoro.

3.2 Kushandiswa kwevanoshanda mumashamba

Vanoshanda vanoshanda zvine mutsindo kuchenesa uye disinfection mabasa, uye vagara vakave chakakosha chikamu chekuchenesa zvigadzirwa. Surfactant ndicho chinhu chikuru chesipo. Inobatana netsvina uye pakati pesvina uye yakasimba nzvimbo (senge kunyorova, kupinza, kusimbisa, kusanganisa, kuparadzira, kupupira furo, nezvimwewo) uye kutora mukana weMechanical inomutsa inowana yekushambidza mhedzisiro. Inonyanya kushandiswa uye inoshandiswa zvakanyanya anionic uye nonionic surfactants. Cationic uye amphoteric surfactants anongoshandiswa mukugadzirwa kweimwe yakasarudzika mhando uye mashandiro emasipo. Mhando dzakasiyana ndedzeLAS (kureva alkyl benzene sulfonate), AES (mafuta ane doro polyoxyethylene ether sulfate), MES (α-sulfonic acid fatty acid munyu), AOS (α-alkenyl sulfonate), Alkyl polyoxyethylene ether, alkylphenol polyoxyethylene ether, fatty asidhi diethanolamine, amino asidhi mhando, betaine mhando, nezvimwe.

3.3 Kushandiswa kwevanoshanda mumaindasitiri ezvokudya

3.3.1 Zvigadziri zvekudya nezvokuchinjisa Chinonyanya kukosha chevashambadziri muindasitiri yezvikafu kuita semulsifiers uye thickeners. Phospholipids ndiyo inonyanyo shandiswa emulsifiers uye zvinodzikamisa. Pamusoro pe phospholipids, anowanzo shandiswa emulsifiers ane fatty acid glycerides S, kunyanya monoglyceride T, fatty acid sucrose esters, fatty acid sorbitan esters, fatty acid propylene glycol esters, soybean phospholipids, chingamu chiArabic, alginic acid, sodium caseinate, Gelatin uye zai yolk nezvimwewo Thickeners akapatsanurwa muzvikamu zviviri: zvakasikwa uye zvemakemikari zvakagadzirwa. Natural thickeners anosanganisira starch, gum arabic, guar gum, carrageenan, pectin, agar, uye alginic acid inogadzirwa kubva kuzvirimwa uye zvegungwa. Kune zvakare gelatin, casinini uye sodium casinate yakagadzirwa kubva kumapuroteni-ane mhuka nemiti. Uye xanthan chingamu yakagadzirwa kubva kuma microorganisms. Anonyanya kushandiswa synthetic thickeners isodium carboxymethyl cellulose: @ :, propylene glycol alginate, cellulose glycolic acid uye sodium polyacrylate, sodium starch glycolate, sodium starch phosphate, methyl cellulose uye polyacrylic acid Sodium etc.

3.3.2 Zvichengetedzo zvekudya Rhamnose esters ane zvimwe zvinorwisa mabhakitiriya, antiviral uye anti-mycoplasma zvivakwa. Sucrose esters zvakare ine hukuru hwekudzivirira hutachiona kuma microorganisms, kunyanya spore-inogadzira Gram-yakanaka mabhakitiriya.

3.3.3 Vanoparadzira zvekudya, vanopupa furo, nezvimwe. Pamusoro pekushandiswazve semulsifiers uye thickeners mukugadzira chikafu, vanoshanda kumeso vanokwanisa zvakare kushandiswa sevanoparadzira, vanonyorova vamiririri, vanopupira furo, defoamers, crystallization control agents, Sterilize uye kuwedzera nguva yekuchengetedza chikafu. . Semuenzaniso, kuwedzera 0.2-0.3% soy phospholipids kana uchikwirisa mukaka upfu hwese hunogona kunatsiridza hydrophilicity nekupararira, uye inogona kuputswa nekukurumidza pasina kusangana panguva yekugadzirira. Paunenge uchigadzira makeke uye ice cream, kuwedzera glycerol fatty acid uye sucrose mafuta kunogona kuva nemhepo inopupuma, inoenderana nekugadzirwa kwenhamba huru yemabhuru. Mukugadzirwa kwemukaka wakanyoroveswa uye zvigadzirwa zvesoya, kuwedzera glycerol fatty acid ine defoaming mhedzisiro.

3.3.4 Kushanda mukubvisa uye kupatsanura pigments, zvinonhuwira zvinhu, zvipenyu zvinoshanda uye zvigadzirwa zvakaviriswa

Mumakore achangopfuura, vanoshanda muma surfactiv zvakare vakashandiswa zvakanyanya mukubvisa uye kupatsanura kwezvinhu zvakasikwa muzvikafu senge pigments, zvinonhuwira zvinoriumba, zvigadzirwa zvehupenyu uye zvigadzirwa zvakaviriswa.

3.4 Kushandiswa kwevanoshanda mumafesi ekurapa

Masurfactants ane mabasa ekunyorova, emulsifying, solubilizing, nezvimwewo, saka iwo anoshandiswa zvakanyanya sevashandisi vemishonga, kunyanya mune yemishonga microemulsion tekinoroji yakagadziriswa mumakore apfuura. Mukusanganiswa kwezvinodhaka, vanoshanda muma surfactants vanogona kushandiswa senge chikamu chekuchinjisa chinogadzirisa, icho chinogona kushandura mwero wekugadziriswa kweion, zvichidaro zvichiwedzera kugadziriswazve kweion, zvichiita kuti maitiro aenderere mberi nenzira yakasarudzika, uye nekuvandudza zvakanyanya kugadzirisa kwekuita. Masurfactants anowanzo shandiswa se solubilizers uye masenitiser mukuongorora, kunyanya mune yemishonga fluorescence spectroscopy. Panyaya yeganda disinfection, ronda kana mucous membrane disinfection, chiridzwa disinfection uye zvakatipoteredza disinfection pamberi pekuvhiyiwa muindasitiri yemishonga, vanoshanda vanoshanda vanogona kuwirirana zvine simba nemabhakitiriya biofilm mapuroteni ku denature kana kurasikirwa nebasa ravo, uye anoshandiswa semabhakitiriya nemishonga inouraya utachiona iri kushandiswa zvakanyanya.

4. Iyo yekuvandudza maitiro evashambadziri

Ihwo hutungamiriri hwekusimudzira hwevanoshanda pachiratidziro hunoratidzwa mune zvinotevera zvinhu:

4.1 Dzokera kune zvakasikwa;

4.2 Tsiva makemikari anokuvadza;

4.3 Geza uye shandisa firiji yekunze;

4.4 Shandisa mumvura yakaoma pasina zvinowedzerwa;

4.5 Kuchengetedzwa kwezvakatipoteredza kunogona kunyatso kurapa marara emvura, mvura yakasviba, guruva, nezvimwe.

4.6 Vanoshambadzira vanogona kuvandudza mashandisiro emaminerari, mafuta, uye kugadzirwa;

4.7 Vanoshanda munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana;

4.8 Vanosarudzika vakagadzirwa kubva kumabhizimusi kana marara emumaguta zvinoenderana nekugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvipenyu.

4.9 Reuse Yakakwira-nyatsoshanda surfactant ine synergistic mhedzisiro inogadzirwa nekugadzira tekinoroji.