Sekureva kwenzira yekutsanangudza yemakemikari eoiri yemafuta, vanoshanda munzvimbo yemafuta vanogona kukamurwa nechishandiso kuita vashandi vekuchera kuchera, vanoshanda kumigodhi, vanoita basa rekuvandudza goho, vanoshanda pamafuta ekuunganidza oiri uye gasi, uye vanoita zvekurapa mvura, nezvimwe.

 

Inogadzirisa yekuchera

Huwandu hwevanoshanda pakuchera (kusanganisira kuchera emvura ekurapa vamiririri uye mafuta tsime simendi admixtures) ndiyo yakakura kwazvo, inoverenga ingangoita 60% yeavo vese vanoshanda mumauto emafuta. Huwandu hwemashiripiti ekugadzirisa oiri hushoma, asi hunyanzvi hwayo hwakawanda. Huwandu hwayo hunosvika 1/3 yehuwandu hwehuwandu hwevanoshanda mumashamba emafuta. Aya marudzi maviri emakemikari anotora chinzvimbo chakakosha muma surfactant muminda yemafuta.

 

Parizvino, ongororo pamusoro penyika yekuchera mvura inoyerera mumiriri yakagadzira mamiriro e "mbiru nhatu" muUnited States, Russia neChina. United States irikutora zvinhu zvakasiyana siyana zvepolymer sechinhu chekutsvaga. Russia yakanyanya kutemerwa padanho rekuti "izvo mbishi zvinhu zvakachipa uye zviri nyore kuwana", uye dzakasiyana maindasitiri marara. ChiChinese kutsvagisa chinotarisa mukushandiswa kwakazara kwechinyakare mbishi zvigadzirwa uye nekuvandudzwa kweanogadzirwa matsva emapolymers (kusanganisira monomers).

Iko kutsvagisa kwekutarisa kwekune dzimwe nyika kuchera mvura yekurapa vamiririri kwakakurumbira, ndiko kuti, zvigadzirwa zvakasiyana zvinoenderana nema synthetic polymers ane sulfonic acid mapoka, inovawo ramangwana rekuvandudza nzira.

 

Kubva kuma1990, chizvarwa chitsva che polymer 2-acrylamide-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid (AMPS) zvigadzirwa zvemakopolymer akawanda ave mumiririri wevatsva vekuchera mvura yekurapa vamiririri. Breaker kufambira mberi kwakaitwa mumhando dzakasiyana dzeanotapisa eviscosity, inodzora kurasikirwa inodzora uye mafuta. Kunyanya mumakore achangopfuura, polymeric doro vanoshanda pamwe nefu poindi mhedzisiro vakafararira uye vachishandiswa muminda yese yemuno yemafuta uye nhevedzano yepolymeric doro kudhiraivha system.

Uye zvakare, methyl gluconate uye glycerin-yakavakirwa kuchera zvinwiwa zvakawana mhedzisiro mumashandisirwo emumunda, zvichiratidza tarisiro yakanaka yekushandisa uye kusimudzira kuvandudzwa kwevanoshanda pamafashini ekuchera mvura. Parizvino, cheChina chekuchera chinwiwa chekurapa chemvura chakura kusvika pamatanho gumi neshanu, zviuru zvemarudzi, nekudyiwa kwegore rinosvika mazana matatu ematani.

 

Muma1980s, mafuta tsime simende admixtures akakurumidza kukura muma1980, uye nhevedzano yezvigadzirwa zvakaumbwa zvishoma nezvishoma. Mukuvandudzwa kwezvigadzirwa zvitsva, zvigadzirwa zvepolymer zvakagadzirwa kazhinji ndizvo zvakasarudzika zvekutsvaga; mu1993, ese ematsime emafuta muChina akashandurwa kuita akateedzana akasangana nematanho eAPI. The zvigadzirwa uye admixtures dzakabudirira nokukurumidza. Iyo kambani yakabudirira kugadzira yakakosha mafuta tsime simende yakapararira SAF (sulfonated acetone formaldehyde polycondensate), iri pedyo chaizvo nekumisikidza mhando uye kupomha dura rekudzivirira. Coagulants, retarders uye yekunamatira inosimbisa vamiririri vakaratidzawo kusimudzira kwakanaka, uye vakagadzira yakakosha mafuta tsime simende kusanganisa. Parizvino, yakave nemhando dzinopfuura mazana maviri dzemapoka gumi nerimwe, iine muyero wepagore wematani zviuru gumi.

 

Surfactant yemafuta kupora

Kune mashoma marudzi uye huwandu hwevanoshanda pamafuta ekudzosa oiri uchienzaniswa neanoshanda mairi ekuchera, kunyanya kune acidification uye zvigadzirwa zvekutsemura. Pakati peavo vanoshanda pakatsemura, gelling vamiririri vakaongororwa kuti vagadzirise matadza ezvemuriwo uye cellulose, pamwe nemhando dzakasiyana dzekugadzira dzakadai sepolyacrylamide.

Mumakore achangopfuura, nyika dzekunze dzakagadzira zvishoma nezvishoma mumunda weacidified vanoshanda. Iko kutarisa kwekutsvagisa nekusimudzira kuri pane kuvandudzwa kweye corrosion inhibitors yeacidification. Inozivikanwa nekushandiswa kwezvinhu zviripo mbishi kugadzirisa kana kusanganisa ngura inhibitors. Iyo mbishi zvinhu uye zvigadzirwa hazvisi-zvine chepfu kana zvakaderera-zvine chepfu, uye zvigadzirwa zvine mafuta / mvura solubility kana mvura kupararira.

Amines, quaternary ammonium uye acetylenic alcohol ine huwandu hukuru hwengura inhibitors, uye aldehyde corrosion inhibitors anga asina kugadzirwa zvishoma nekuda kwehuturu hwavo. Corrosion inhibitors zvakare akaomarara e dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid uye yakaderera mamorekuru amines (ethylamine, propylamine, C8-18 primary amine, oleic acid diethanolamide), uye maemulsifiers emafuta-mu-mafuta emulsifiers.

Kunyanya, mumakore achangopfuura, kutsvagirwa kwepamhepo kunoshanda vamiririri vekupaza zvinwiwa zvine acid muChina hazvina kukwana, uye kufambira mberi kudiki kwakaitwa. Pamusoro peiyo corrosion inhibitors yekutyora acidification zvinwiwa panguva yekusimudzira, kune mamwe akawanda marudzi, mazhinji acho ari amine (chikuru amines, sekondari amines, zvepamusoro amino, quaternary amide kana makomponi avo), imidazoline uye zvigadzirwa zvayo iriwo kirasi ye organic corrosion inhibitors iyo inoshandiswa muhombe.

 

Surfactants yemafuta uye gasi kuunganidza

Tsvagurudzo, kuvandudza uye kushandiswa kwevanoshanda pamafuta emafuta uye gasi kuunganidza uye kutakura muChina zvakatanga muma1960, uye pari zvino pane gumi nemana marudzi nemazana ezvigadzirwa. Pakati pavo, iyo crude oiri demulsifier ndiyo hombe, uye kudiwa kwegore rose kunenge zviuru makumi maviri zvematani. China yakagadzira yakakodzera deulsifier zvigadzirwa zveminda yakasiyana yemafuta, mhando zhinji dzakasvika padanho repasi rose muma1990; nepo uchidurura poindi zvinodzvinyirira, kuyerera kunatsiridza, kutapudza viscosity uye anti-wakisi vamiririri vashoma, uye mazhinji acho ndeEzvigadzirwa zvakaomarara, maoiri asina kuchena akasiyana ane zvinodiwa zvakasiyana uye kuoma kwekugadzirwa kwezvigadzirwa zvitsva nekuda kwezvakasiyana zvinodiwa kune vanoshanda kumeso vanodzvinyirira , kuyerera kwekuyerera, kudzikisira viscosity uye zvinangwa zvekubvisa wakisi.

 

Inogadziriswa yemafuta emunda kurapwa kwemvura 

. Oiri yeOirfield yekurapa mvura mumiriri yakakosha mhando yemakemikari yemafuta ekuvandudza mafuta. Chiyero chegore rega cheavo vakasiyana-siyana ekurapa mvura ari pamusoro pemakumi matanhatu ematani, ayo anoshanda anoshanda angangoita makumi mana muzana, kunyangwe vanoshanda mumafuta ekurapa mvura Kudiwa kwacho kwakakura kwazvo, asi kune mashoma ongororo pamusoro pevashandi vekurapa mvura kuChina. Mhando dzemafirita ekurapa emvura yemafuta haasati azadziswa, uye zvizhinji zvezvigadzirwa zvinotengwa kubva kumaindasitiri ekurapa mvura indasitiri, asi nekuda kwemvura yemafuta. Kuomarara kwezvigadzirwa zvakaunzwa zvakananga kubva mukurapwa kwemvura kwemaindasitiri hazvishande, dzimwe nguva hazvishande, uye hapana chinotarisirwa kurapwa kwemvura yemafuta. Kunze kwekutsvaga nezve ma surfactant ekurapwa kwemvura kunonyanya kushanda mukugadzirwa kwemaflocculants, uye kune zvakawanda zvigadzirwa zvakagadzirwa, asi kwete akawanda marapirwo emasewage eminda yemafuta uye gasi.

 

Surfactant yekuwedzera mafuta kudzora

Hunhu hwezvigadzirwa zvinoshandiswa nemafuta epamusoro ekudzoserwa kwemafuta mune dzimwe nyika zvakagadzikana uye chiyero chekugadzira chakakura. Parizvino, mamwe marudzi evashambadziri nemapolymers ekushambiswa kwemafuta akaumbwa muChina, asi haakwanise kuzadzikisa zvido zvekudzoserwa kwemafuta epamusoro. Kugadzirwa kwegore negore kweanorema alkylbenzenes kune vanoshanda mumagetsi anoshandiswa mukugadzira oiri isingasviki zviuru makumi maviri zvematani, izvo zvinonetsa kuzadzisa zvido, uye uremu hwema molecular uye hwema molecular haukodzere ma surfactants anoshandiswa mukugadzira mafuta ekutsivisa vamiririri.

Kunyangwe hazvo basa rakawanda rakaitwa pane anoshanda, haigone kuzadzikisa zvido zvemafashama emafuta, uye kune matambudziko muhuwandu hwekugadzira uye mhando yechigadzirwa. Daqing, Shengli, Liaohe, Dagang nemimwe minda yemafuta yatotanga kuita mafashama epolymer, Daqing Oilfield yakavaka chirimwa che polyacrylamide ine goho regore rose rematani mazana mashanu nemakumi mashanu, uye Shengli Oilfield yakavaka chirimwa che polyacrylamide chine gore rinopfuura matani zviuru makumi maviri.

Mamwe emabhizinesi ekugadzira ane chinzvimbo chekugadzira chinopfuura zviuru zana nemazana mashanu / gore. Ikozvino kudiwa kwepagore kwepolymer kwekushambidzwa kwemafuta kuri makumi ezviuru ematani. Chiyero chinogona kusangana nezvinodiwa, asi mhando yechigadzirwa (senge hama dzemamolekyamu) Pachine mukaha pakati payo nekunyungudika, kupisa kwekushisa uye kuzadza kwemunyu. Pakati peanoshanda anoshanda muminda yemafuta, epamusoro oiri ekudzosa ma surfactants ndiwo makemikari anovimbisa zvikuru.