1. Wetting kushanda

Kana yakasimba ikasangana nemvura, iyo yekutanga solid / gasi uye mvura / gasi maficha inonyangarika uye nyowani yakasimba / yemvura interface inoumbwa. Maitiro aya anonzi kunyorova. Semuenzaniso, machira faibha chinhu chine porous chine hombe nzvimbo. Kana mhinduro ikapararira pamwe neiyo fiber, inopinda musiyano uripo pakati pefibisi uye nekudzinga mweya, ichichinjisa iyo yekutanga mweya / fiber interface kuita yemvura / fiber interface. Iyo inowanzoitika nzira yekunyorovesa; nepo mhinduro ichapinda mufiber panguva imwechete, maitiro aya anonzi kupinza. Masurfactants ayo anobatsira kunyorova uye kupinda mukati anonzi ekunyorova vamiririri nemapeneti.

2. Emulsification

Emulsification inoreva maviri asingabatike zvinwiwa (senge mafuta nemvura), imwe yacho inoumbwa zvakaenzana ichiparadzira zvidimbu zvidiki (saizi yezvikamu 10-8 ~ 10-5m) kupinda mune imwe mvura Basa rekushatisa. Madonhwe emafuta akapararira mumvura anonzi mafuta-mune-mvura emulsion (O / W), uye madonhwe emvura akapararira mumafuta anonzi emvura-mu-mafuta emulsions (W / O). Masurfactants anogona kubatsira emulsification anonzi emulsifiers. Masurfactants anoshandiswa seemulsifiers ane mabasa maviri: kudzikamisa uye kuchengetedza.

 

(1) Kudzikamisa

Iyo emulsifier ine mhedzisiro yekudzora kupindirana kwemakakatanwa pakati pemvura mbiri idzi kudzikamisa iyo yakasanganiswa system. Izvi zvinodaro nekuti kana oiri (kana mvura) ikapararira kuita zvidimbu zvidiki zvakawanda mumvura (kana mafuta), nzvimbo yekubatana iri pakati pavo inowedzerwa, zvichikonzera kuwedzera kwesimba remagetsi ehurongwa uye nyika isina kugadzikana. Kana emulsifier ikawedzerwa, iyo lipophilic boka reiyo emulsifier molecule inoshambadzwa pamusoro pemafuta emota madonhwe apo iro hydrophilic boka rinopinda mukati memvura, uye rakabatana pamusoro pechinodonha chemafuta kuti riumbe hydrophilic molecular film. inoderedza kusagadzikana kwemafuta / emvura, izvo zvinoderedza huwandu hwesimba rehurongwa uye zvinoderedza kukwezva pakati pemadonhwe emafuta, kudzivirira madonhwe emafuta kubva pakuunganidzwa nekukamuranazve kuita mativi maviri.

(2) Kudzivirirwa

Iyo yakatenderedzwa mamorekuru firimu inoumbwa neanoshanda pamusoro penzvimbo yemadonhwe emafuta ndeye yakasimba inodzivirira firimu iyo inogona kudzivirira madonhwe emafuta kubva mukurovera nekuunganidza. Kana iri firimu remamorekuru rakaumbwa neoneic surfactant, madonhwe emafuta anozobhadhariswa nemhando imwecheteyo yekuchaja, izvo zvinowedzera kusanzwanana uye kudzivirira madonhwe emafuta kubva pakuungana panguva dzekurovera kazhinji.

 

3.washing decontamination maturo

Nekuda kweiyo emulsification mhedzisiro yemunhu anoshanda, iyo girisi uye tsvina zvimedu zvakadzikiswa kubva kune yakasimba nzvimbo zvinogona kusimbiswa emulsified uye zvakapararira mune aqueous mhinduro, uye hazvichazogadzikiswa pane yakacheneswa pamusoro kuti igadzire kusvibisa.

Maitiro ekubvisa oiri yemafuta kubva pamusoro inotsanangurwa pazasi kuratidza basa revashambadziri. Liquid oiri emafuta anotanga kupararira pane yakasimba nzvimbo. Kana vanoshanda nema surf vakawedzerwa, nekuda kwekukakavara kwayo kwepasirese, iyo inogadzirisa inogadzirisa gadziriso inokurumidza kupararira pane yakasimba nzvimbo uye nekunyorovesa zvakasimba, uye zvishoma nezvishoma inotsiva mavara emafuta. Mavara emafuta anopararira pane yakasimba nzvimbo zvishoma nezvishoma inodzika mumadonhwe emafuta (kona yekubatana inowedzera zvishoma nezvishoma, ichichinja kubva pakunyorova kuenda kune isinganyorove).

 

4.suspension yakapararira

Iyo nzira yekuparadzira isina kuomeswa yakasimba mune mhinduro ine zvidiki zvidiki zvidimbu kugadzira kumiswa kunonzi kupararira. Iye anoshanda mumhepo anokurudzira kupararira kwezvisimba uye anogadzira kumira kwakadzikama anonzi anopararira. Muchokwadi, kana semi-solid mafuta akaiswa emulsified uye akapararira mumhinduro, zvinonetsa kusiyanisa kana imwe nzira iri emulsification kana kupararira, uye emulsifier uye dispersant zvinowanzova chinhu chimwe chete, saka isa izvo zviviri pamwechete mukushandisa chaiko. Emulsifying uye inoparadzira mumiriri.

Nheyo yekuita kwevanoparadzira yakangofanana neyeiyo emulsifiers. Musiyano uripo ndewekuti dzakapararira solid particles kazhinji hadzinyatso kugadzikana pane emulsified madonhwe.

 

5.kupisa moto

Mamiriro egasi akapararira mumvura anonzi bubble. Kana imwe mvura iri nyore kugadzira firimu uye isiri nyore kupaza, mvura yacho inoburitsa matema mazhinji kana ichinge yamutswa. Mushure mekunge furo rave kugadzirwa, iyo gasi / yemvura pamusoro penzvimbo iri muhurongwa yakawedzera zvakanyanya, ichiita iyo system kusagadzikana, saka furo iri nyore kuputika. Kana iyo surfactant ikawedzerwa kune mhinduro, mamorekuru ekushambadzira anoshambadzwa pamhepo / gadziriso yemvura, iyo isingangoderedze kusagadzikana kwepakati pakati pegasi / zvikamu zvemvura, asi zvakare inogadzira monomolecular firimu ine imwe michina simba rekugadzira furo. zvakaoma kuputika.

Surfactant aqueous mhinduro ane akasiyana madhiri ekupupuma mhedzisiro. Kazhinji, anionic surfactants ane akasimba achipupira furo zvivakwa, nepo nonionic surfactants ine isina kusimba furo zvivakwa, kunyanya kana ichishandiswa pamusoro pegore poindi.

Nekuti iyo furo pamusoro ine yakasimba adsorption maturo pane tsvina, iko kusimba kwekuwacha kunovandudzwa, uye zvakare kunogona kudzivirira ivhu kubva kuisazve kuisa pamusoro pechinhu. Naizvozvo, vanhu vanogara vachifunga kuti sipo ine yakanaka yekupupira furo zvinhu ine simba rekudzora kusvibiswa. Naizvozvo, akawanda madhiraidhi emvura anoderedza kumanikidza kwejeti pombi uye haigone kugeza. Naizvozvo, yakaderera-furo isina-ionic mhando dzinofanirwa kushandiswa mune ino kesi. Surfactant.

 

6.kusanganisa

Kunyungudutsa (Solubilization) kunoreva zvinoitwa nema surfactants kuwedzera kumonyoroka kwezvinhu zvisina kunyungudika kana kusatsetseka mumvura. Semuenzaniso, iyo solubility ye benzene mumvura iri 0.09% (vhoriyamu chikamu). Kana ma surfactants (akadai se sodium oleate) akawedzerwa, iyo solubility ye benzene Inogona kuwedzerwa kusvika ku10%.

Iyo solubilization mhedzisiro haina kupatsanurwa kubva kune micelles inoumbwa nema surfactants mumvura. Micelles michelles inoumbwa nemaketani ehydrocarbon mumasekuru anofambisa anofamba achiswedera pamwe chete mune aqueous solution nekuda kwekudyidzana kwehydrophobic. Iko mukati meiyo micelle iri chaizvo iri hydrocarbon yemvura, saka isiri-polar organic solute senge benzene uye mamineral mafuta ayo asingasviki mumvura ari nyore kuparara mu micelle. Solubilization ndiyo nzira ye micelles inopedza lipophilic zvinhu. Icho chiitiko chakakosha chevashambadziri. Naizvozvo, chete kana iko kusangana kweanoshanda mumushonga kuri pamusoro peyakakomba micelle kusungwa, kune mamwe mahombe mahombe mumhinduro. Solubilization inoitika chete kana iyo nguva, uye yakakura iyo micelle vhoriyamu, iyo yakawedzera iyo solubilization kugona.

Solubilization yakasiyana ne emulsification. Emulsification inoregedza uye isina kugadzikana yakawanda-chikamu system inowanikwa nekuparadzira chikamu chemvura mumvura (kana chimwe chikamu chemvura), nepo solubilization ichikonzera kuti iyo solubilized solution uye iyo solubilized chinhu zviri zvakafanana imwechete-chikamu homogeneous uye yakagadzika system mune imwe chikamu. Dzimwe nguva iye mumwechete anoshanda zvine hunyanzvi emulsification uye solubilization mhedzisiro, asi chete kana kusangana kwayo kuri pamusoro peyakakomba micelle kusangana kunogona kuve nemhedzisiro yekugadzirisa.

 

7.soft uye inotsvedzerera

Kana iwo mamorekuru anoshanda akabatana pamusoro pejira, iyo static kukakavara coefficient yejira inogona kuderedzwa. Senge mitsara alkyl polyol polyoxyethylene ether, mutsara alkyl mafuta acid polyoxyethylene ether uye mamwe maonionic surfactants uye akasiyana eacation surfactants ane mhedzisiro yekudzikisa iyo isingachinjiki kukakavara coefficient yejira, kuti igone kushandiswa Inoshandiswa sejira rinopfavisa. Masurfactants ane branched alkyl kana anonhuwirira mapoka haakwanise kuumba yakashongedzwa inotungamira kurongeka pamusoro pejira, saka iwo haana kukodzera kushandiswa sekupfava.

 

8.Antistatic mhedzisiro

Mamwe anionic surfactants uye quaternary ammonium salt cationic surfactants zviri nyore kupinza mvura uye kugadzira inogadzirisa mhinduro yakaturikidzana pamusoro pejira, saka ivo vane antistatic mhedzisiro uye vanoshandiswa seanopikisa antichemical emakemikari fiber machira. 9. bactericidal maitiro

Quaternary ammonium bactericides ine ehupfumi eionic makomponi. Ivo ari nyore kusungunuka mumvura asi kwete mune asiri-polar solvents, uye ane akatsiga makemikari zvivakwa. Iyo mashandiro ekuita kwerudzi urwu rwemabhakitiriya anonyanya kuburikidza nemagetsi emagetsi, simba rehydrogen rekubatanidza uye hydrophobic kusunga pakati peanogadzikana mamorekuru nemapuroteni mamorekuru, nezvimwewo, kushambadzira zvisina kunaka mabhakitiriya uye kuita kuti vaungane pamadziro esero, zvichikonzera lysis uye kugadzirwa. . Iyo kamuri yekudzivirira mhedzisiro inokonzeresa kukura kwebhakitiriya kudzivirirwa uye kufa. Panguva imwecheteyo, iro hydrophobic alkyl boka rinogona zvakare kuyanana neboka rehydrophilic rebhakitiriya kuti ichinje kukwana kweiyo membrane, uye yozoita lysis, kuparadza chimiro chesero, uye kukonzera kuparara kwesero uye kufa. Rudzi rwe fungicides ine yakanyanya kushanda, yakaderera chepfu, hapana kuunganidza, zvine mwero chepfu kune hove, haisi nyore kukanganiswa nePH shanduko, iri nyore kushandisa, ine simba peeling mhedzisiro pane iyo mamasi layer, uye ine yakagadzikana makemikari zvivakwa, kupararira uye ngura inhibition Basa rakanaka uye mamwe maitiro.

Kubva kuwanikwa kwe bactericidal mhedzisiro ye cationic surfactants muna 1935, 4 kusvika 6-chizvarwa quaternary ammonium salt munyu mabhakitiriya zvigadzirwa zvakagadzirwa kusvika parizvino. Chizvarwa chekutanga chinonzi alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride, cetyl trimethyl ammonium chloride, nezvimwe; chizvarwa chechipiri chizvarwa chekutanga, chinoitwa pamhete ye benzene kana quaternary nitrogen ye quaternary ammonium munyu Yakawanikwa nekutsiva maitiro: chizvarwa chechitatu chigadzirwa dialkyl dimethyl ammonium chloride, senge didecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride, nezvimwe .; chizvarwa chechina chigadzirwa chemubatanidzwa wechizvarwa chekutanga nechechitatu; Inotsiviwa nekaviri quaternary ammonium munyu senge: ethylene bis (dodecyl dimethyl ammonium bromide), ndezve gemini kana dhiera mhando ma surfactants.

Iyo quaternary ammonium bactericide haina chete ine bactericidal athari, asi zvakare ine yakasimba peeling mhedzisiro pane iyo slime. Iyo inogona kuuraya iyo sulfate-inoderedza mabhakitiriya ayo anokura pasi peiyo slime. Iyo zvakare ine ngura-inodzivirira uye synergistic mhedzisiro kana ichishandiswa nevamwe vamiririri. Kazhinji ndiwo 1227 (dodecyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride), 1231 (dodecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride), dodecyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium bromide, 1427 (gumi nemana Alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride), dodecyl dimethyl ammonium bromide, tetradeconi